Three questions of Hillel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Three questions of Hillel - Essay Example These are inspirational words for me as they motivate me in working for the best interest for myself and the people around me. After being advised with these sayings, I felt that if I have to achieve something in life and make my life good, I will have to work towards it myself and when ill work hard to achieve my aims and objectives, I will be helped by God in achieving those aims and objectives. These sayings even helped me learn that I should not only focus upon my own self interest and should even take into consideration the interest of others while conducting any activity and this behavior of mine will be liked by God. The end of the saying which states that individuals should act instantly in the right manner and not wait for the right time as the right time is not in the future, instead it is right now. I gained this advice at a very early age and I learned that I should act in the right manner and in a virtuous manner during my youth and should not wait for my adult ages to d ecide about my action plan. These sayings were put in the form of questions by Hillel because he wanted individuals to ask these questions from themselves when ever they are under the situation of making a decision. These sayings have always been the guidance of all the decisions I have ever taken. While taking any decision that might result in effecting me along with others around me, I have scrutinized options in accordance to these sayings. These sayings have provided me a step by step guide to solve any problem. When ever I face a decision making situation, I first analyze what are my interests and how can I safeguard my interest. While pursuing my personal interest, I ensure that the interest of the others is not compromised and once I select an option that is viable for my self interest as well as the self interest of others, I take actions.

Tourism A complex industry made up of number of different businesses

Tourism A complex industry made up of number of different businesses Defining tourism industry is not a sample matter, it is very complex industry made up of number of different businesses. The common thing these businesses share that they provide products and services to tourists. The most accepted definition is provided by the World Tourism Organisation. According to WTO, tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to end staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. Tourism has become one of the major economic activities in the 21st century. The development in aviation industry has made tourism industry very competitive. As airlines industry expands and the world economy experienced substantial growth in tourism industry. After World War II only wealthy people were able to enjoy travelling and tourism but late 20th century and early 21st century it became affordable to masses. The economic significance of tourism industry is quite evident in 21st century. According to WTTC Press Releases (2010) World Tourism Industry contributes over 10% of the world GDP and growing every year. This industry can benefit an economy in number of ways e.g. by providing employment, increase in government taxes and creates more diversified economy. Four industries are dominated in 21st century, financial, telecommunications, Information technology and tourism. The desire of travel is a human need and people keep travelling for number of reasons. The travelling activities will never stop therefore tourism activities will increase in the future more and more, especially with the development of transportations system and modern technology. In past few decades tourism industry growth was tremendous and numbers of tourists in the UK have risen every year since World War II, apart from 1992 gulf war, September 11 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and July 7, 2005 London bombing. The growth in tourism industry has been the result of number of factors, e.g. Economic factor (longer paid holiday, affluence), Social factors (education and advertisement create desire to travel) and finally Development in tourism industry have made easy for tourist to travel new holiday destinations and attractions, cheaper holiday packages, faster and rel iable transport. What is Terrorism? Terrorism has been defined as the intentional use of force or threat to use violence against civilian, business and government, in order to achieve their aims. During past three decades over 25000 terrorists incidents has happened around the world, which have resulted over 100000 causalities or injuries. The basic objectives of terrorists have remained unchanged over the years but development in technology has allowed terrorists to use more sophisticated and devastating tactics to create fear in peoples mind. The biggest increase in terrorism activities in past decade has raised many questions about the economic impacts on many countries around the world. In addition to the technological and natural hazards, people also face threats of terrorism posed by terrorists groups. Terrorist can be foreigner or domestic and their threats to people and nation from isolated acts of terrorism. The terrorists groups used different methods of attacks to create fear in people, like assassinations, kidnappings, car bombs, airline hijacking, building explosions, computer base attacks (cyber attacks), mailing of dangerous materials, use of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. The main targets of terrorists are civilian, government departments, holiday destinations, international airports, historic and largest cities and businesses. According to Enders W. and Todd S. (2002), terrorism is the premeditated use or threat of use of force by individuals or groups to obtain social or political objective through the intimidation of large audience, beyond that of the immediate victim. By using fear against civilian, terrorists create fear in general public through intimidation and hope to weaken the governments legitimacy by strengthening their own importance. Beside civilian death and destruction, terrorism can have very serious impacts on economy and tourism in the worse and immediately affected industry by terrorism. UK Tourism Sector and Economy as a Whole: The tourism industry in one of the biggest and fastest growing industries in the United Kingdom, and an important economic sector for UK economy. It is the UK fifth largest industry which provide directly employment over 1.4 million people in UK. In last year domestic and international tourists spend over 90 billion in UK economy. According to Deloitte report 2007 tourism industry contributed direct and indirect in UK economy were worth 8.2% of GDP and also provided 2.65 millions jobs to workforce. The UK tourism industry employs more people than engineering and manufacturing industries, but both industries receive significant polices attention from Government. Growth in tourism sector could have significant impacts on UK workforce. In UK the combination of culture, history, world famous attractions and natural beauty is an attractive option for local and international tourists. There are number of upcoming opportunities like London Olympics 2012, Rugby League World Cup 2013, Glasgow Commonwealth Games 2014 and Rugby Union World Cup 2015 for the UK tourism that should be exploited and on the other side depreciation of sterling means increase in spending power of international tourists, which also make UK more attractive destination to visit. It also encourage local tourist to spend holidays in UK because foreign destinations become more expensive than UKs. Recent reports shows that number of UK tourists going abroad has fallen significantly in past few years and they are planning holiday domestically. This is confirmed by BCC (2009) report, local business in Essex notes that, there are definite signs that exchange rates are giving the UK tourism industry a boost with less people travelling abroad and more international tourists come UK. The future growth of UK tourism is predicted by BBC. According to BBC (2010) report; in 2018 domestic and overseas visitors will put  £115 billions a year in UK economy. The direct contribution in the UK economy will be  £52 billion in term of GDP which represent 4% of UK economy. Tourism also provides 1.36 million jobs in 2009 to UK workforce which is 10% of total work force. UK is the worlds sixth largest international tourism destination in term of number of tourists. After September 11, 2001 and July 7, 2005 incidents tourism industry was badly affected. According to the LCCI (2005) report, it has been estimated that the fall in tourism could cost UK tourism industry over  £300 millions. Liberal Democrat MP Sarah Teather and Brent East told GMT (2005), that the impact of London terrorist bombing on tourism industry is 60 percent worse than it was initially feared. They said that the terrorism cost UK tourism industry over  £500 million. Why Terrorism target Tourism Industry: The words tourism and terrorism exist at either end of a continuum of quality of life. The word tourism means living happily, enjoyment, and relaxation, while terrorism means feeling of death, destruction, fears and panics every where. According to Beirman D. (2003), tourists are primary concerned with travelling to the destination satisfying their desires with minimum complications, threats to their safety and wellbeing , while on the other hand Gilham (2001) said, physical threat or serious disturbances to ones plans are suffer to reduce the prospects of a tourist destination or tourist firm. In past decade terrorism has very severe impacts on the travel and tourism industry than any other industry. The main reason of this may be because the basic objectives of the terrorist groups are to spread fear, as a result the basic safety and security of people threatened. According to Maslow A. (1943) the hierarchy of needs, he said that human nature never satisfied, when they have met the ir basic needs for safety and security. When they are able to satisfy their basic needs, then they attempt to satisfy their self actualisation needs such as better life, travel and tourism. According to Essner J. (2003), the psychological impacts are enough to have severe impacts on tourism. The fear of terrorism is irrational, because in terrorist attack chances of being killed are very little and security environment has demonstrated its negative impacts on tourism in many top destinations around the world. In this competitive age, the business environment is changing dramatically. Terrorism is the biggest threat to tourism industry because travel is susceptible to the incidents of terrorism. When people travel they always avoid hazards, so for tourists safety is the major concern. During the past decade especially after September 11 2001, there are number of events which have had significant negative impacts on UK tourism. The correlation between terrorism and tourism is undeniable in the era due to industry strength and tourist places are the ideal target for terrorist to create large amount of economic and social disruption in the country. In UK terrorism can be seen in substantial part, as a result of this backlash to the tourism industry. There are number of definitions of terrorism, in the world of Alexander, Yonah, (1979) terrorism is a threat or use of enforcement and inclemency to achieve a political goal by means of intimidation fear, and coercion. In the present world context , the European Union (2001) define the terrorism relevant to international business in the following words. Terrorist offences are certain criminal offences set out in a list comprised largely of serious offences against persons and property which, given their nature or context, may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of: seriously intimidating a population; or unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act; or seriously destabilizing or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an international organization. September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Tourism Industry: Terrorism has deep history science the cold war but this issue become most salient after terrorist attacks in September 11 2001. This incident affected the UK and international tourism industry in various ways. On one hand the world tourism industry was affected financially, the other hand it suffers due to legal and security issues. The international tourism industry between countries was most seriously affected due to security and safety concerns and legal issue. Especially UK, US and other developed countries were compulsion to protect their territory and people at any cost. Tourism industry in UK and USA found themselves floundering financially in the months after the terrorist attack on world Trade Centre, while rest of the world tourism industry also lost millions of dollars. According to U.S department of state (2002) report more than 3000 people of different nationalities were killed in the terrorist attacks only in the United States in September 11, 2001. The attacks were th e conspicuous example of terrorism on global level. According to the overview of European commission (2001) this was the one of the major event in the past decades which diversifies the viewpoint and outlook of people around the world. Terrorism affects both the long term and short term perspectives of the all economic sectors around the world. Czinkota (2002) cited that terrorism influenced long term karma of entire industries, for example tourism, retailing and manufacturing industries. According to U.S Department of state (2001), terrorist select businesses (e.g. tourism places) for attack compare to other targets. The most kind of attack is bomb blast, although armed attacks and kidnapping are also some kinds of terrorist attacks. According to Council of Foreign Relations (2002) reported the majority of victims in terrorist attack are civilians. The relatively large number of tourists may not prepare to face these kinds of terrorist attacks. However the scenario has changed as it was at the time of terrorist attack in 9/11. Kunreuther, Michel and Porter (2003) said that during the days of terrorist attacks in 9/11 a common feeling came into mind of people that it could be me. But with the passage of time, this may give way to may be it will not me next time. This kind of behaviour is more common now a day in south Asia. But it is a common thinking that it is extremely easy for terrorist that to attack any where in the world. Even in low cost and low tech attacks, terrorists achieve to disrupt the tourism industry. After the September 11 terrorist attacks many international tourist destinations have badly affected legally because countries have introduced new laws for foreigner tourists e.g. strict visas requirements, security check and criminal record check etc. UK government also introduced strict immigration law for every one who wishes to come UK for visit, in the effort to prevent further terrorist attacks. The new terrorist laws restricted the tourists for freely travel across the UK borders and require by security department to keep proper track of their activities. The anti terrorist laws have made very complicated for tourism industry to conduct its business activities freely across the UK borders; as a result many people and firms engaged with tourism have financially struggled. Another major issue that affect the UK tourism industry is security and UK government have to invest huge amount of money to improve both internal and external security. The security is most important because terrorist target hot tourists spots and transportation network to achieve their targets. There is not a vast existing literature which shows the relationship between terrorism and tourism management theories, and the lack of presence of research literature is absolutely visible on the relationship between terrorism and tourism management, which elaborates constructive techniques for tourism industry in the presence of phenomena of terrorism. Terrorism has capacity to create atmosphere of fear and can be intimidate industry in number of ways. This threat of terrorism attacks poses a continuous atmosphere of risk for the tourism around the world. This risk itself creates extension for treatment of risk in management theories. The majority of management literature theories adopt term uncertainty as a factor of unpredictable environment which may influence the tourism industry in certain ways. The environment effected by terrorism also has a factor of unpredictability in it. This study is another attempt to research and investigates impacts of terrorism on the tourism indust ry in UK and we will also discuss different approaches for reducing and handling the terrorism threats. Context and relevance of the Study: The topic, impacts of terrorism on tourism industry has been widely explored, this study is based on past decade to find out the impacts of terrorism on UK tourism industry and suggest the appropriate framework that helps tourism industry to minimise the impacts of terrorism. Given this significance, the aim of this research is an attempt to find the impacts of terrorism on UK tourism industry in the present context for the period after September 11 2001. Research Aim: The aim of this research is to analyse and explore the effects of terrorism on tourism industry in the United Kingdom after September 11 2001. The second part of my research is to critically analyse and recommend the most appropriate framework for tourism industry to deal with the terrorist threats or scrutinize the different ways to avoid and minimise the impact of terrorism on tourism industry. Research Objectives: The research objectives will include the elements, which have relation to both terrorism and tourism. The objectives of this research will show the correlation between terrorism and tourism and the tourism industry is highly impacted by terrorism activities. This research has the following individual objectives: To critically analyse the general impact of terrorism on United Kingdom tourism industry. To recommend the most appropriate framework that helps the tourism industry to minimize the impact of terrorism. Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this study is as follows; Tourism industry is likely, to be negatively impacted by terrorism events. Research Questions: The above research objectives can be broken down into following leading questions; What are the effects of terrorism on UK tourism industry? What measures and framework exist to minimize the impacts or consequences of terrorism on UK tourism Industry? After having answered all above questions, conclusion and recommendations will be formulated to minimize the impacts for tourism industry. The conclusion and recommendations are put in the context of relevant political, economic and legal manners. Scope and Limitations of the research: This is an academic research that would shed some light on the matter of terrorism and tourism which have been discussed in different prospective in past. The significance of this study is found out the impacts after September 11 2001 and July 7 2005 terrorist attacks on UK tourism industry. Terrorism and tourism relationship is an ongoing issue and it relevance may change in different period because of the change of political structure of the countries. This study is relevant to the people involve in tourism and related industry and of much interest to get insight of the tourism industry. The finding of this study will be limited from the following aspects. The study includes the impacts on UK tourism industry only. Hence, its findings may not be applicable to other countries tourism industries because of the frequencies and number of terrorist attacks. Another limitation is use of secondary data, this data is an important component of my research but there are some limitations that the secondary data may have and the problems that could arise if these limitations are ignored. The verification of existing data is difficult. Secondary data can be general and vague and sometimes it may cause difficulties in decision making. It is possible that data could be out dated and the sample used to generate the secondary data maybe small. The secondary data may not be accurate and sources of data need must always be checked. The sample used to collect data may be very small or very big, which means it may not show the true picture of the population. The secondary data sometimes does not help to design methods of formulating research question or answering that question. The data publisher company may not be reputable. While keeping in mind those limitations of secondary data, I will use data for my research from reputable academic websites and published literature. Research Structure and Design: This research consists of six chapters. It begins with chapter 1, which reveals the need, aim and objectives for this research to be attained. Chapter 2 of my research will discuss the methodology, which enables me to fulfil the requirements of this research. Chapter 3 is an extensive and deep interpretation of literature review about terrorism and tourism. This chapter also looks at the other literature on the tourism and terrorism topic, and also discusses the difference between previous researches and this research. Chapter 4 of this research will explore the impacts of terrorism on UK tourism industry. Chapter 5 of this research is about managing the effects of terrorism and discuss the framework to minimise the impacts of terrorism. Finally chapter 6 of this research is the conclusion and recommendation chapter which will answer all the key questions, aim and objectives of this research seek. Abbreviation and terminology: Uncertainty: specifically mean the unpredictable environment; it is unpredictable when next terrorist attack will occur. Risk: mean threat; internal and external threat in tourism industry which may affect the productivity of organisation.

My True Goal †The Study of Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

My True Goal – The Study of Medicine    I firmly believe in the powerful message of Ecclesiastes 3:1, which states that every endeavor man can undertake has its own time and meaning. Looking back on my own life, I see these different seasons as stages of growth that have helped me to understand my own potential and the path that I wish to take in life. I feel that I have lived deeply and fully, and now wish to apply the valuable life lessons I have gained to what I feel is my true calling. Now is the season to explore the fascinating world of medicine, and to finally make that dream a reality.    As a child, I never believed that I could succeed. Growing up in one foster home after another, I lacked the stability that a youth needs in order to excel in classes and build a proper foundation for the future. I was pregnant by the age of eighteen, and dropped out of school to try to forge a future for my children. Life was difficult but fulfilling, and I found much joy in being the mother of two lovely children. The day my second child was diagnosed with Krabbe's disease, however, all of my happiness seemed to vanish before my very eyes.    Krabbe's disease is both terminal and debilitating, and the doctors gave my daughter a life expectancy of eighteen months. Swallowing my shock and sorrow, I devoted myself to making the most of the precious time I had left with my child. I researched intensively on Krabbe's disease, learning as much as I could about its mechanisms and the course it would run. I applied these lessons to caring for my daughter, and provided her with the twenty-four hour a day care that she required. Because I was afraid she would die at any moment, I never left her side, even to go to work. In order to pay the bills, I took in outside sewing and odd jobs. But no sacrifice was too great for my daughter. She lived to the age of four, long past her expectancy, which the doctors attributed to my constant care.    Being such an intimate witness to the struggle of life and death left me with a deep sense of human fragility. I realized that the human body is so very intricate and beautiful in its complex delicacy.

Ethical Behavior and Machiavellianism Essay

The term ethical behavior is considered to be that behavior which is morally accepted. It is laid on the foundations of doing the right thing which is morally accepted. Machiavellianism is considered to be the behavior which is adopted to mislead and swindle others for personal benefits and profit. This paper seeks to analyze and evaluate the relationship between ethical behavior and Machiavellianism. Machiavellianism Machiavellianism is considered to be a widespread stereotype of ethical behavior. It is expected to be a supplementary construct that influences ethical behavior and ethical reasoning procedures. The concept was introduced by Niccolo Machiavelli who wrote ‘The Prince’ which is a guide for acquiring power and using it. The main method for attaining power which he suggested was using manipulation. Hence, Machiavellianism is tendency and inclination of an individual to do whatever he or she wants in order to get his or her way. Machiavellian Principles and Ethical Conduct According to Machiavellian principles, there is clear and well-defined difference between reality and ideas. For example, equality and equity are idealistic values but partiality and bias is found every where. Ethics can direct and manage the private sector but expediency governs the public life. Consequently, an individual can be good at home but has to survive in professional life (Nelson & Gilbertson, 2002). Furthermore, Machiavellian principles dictate individuals to understand that there are no absolutes in workplace but only restrictive constraints which are applied based on the situation. It also states that success is the factor which can determine right and wrong. Virtue which is a type of ethical behavior is equal to power and competence in reaching goals. It also states that a virtuous man should think about himself when it is essential. Literature Review Experiential work also indicates that Machiavellianism influences ethical behavior. Cable and Dangello have recognized and acknowledged Machiavellianism as a qualities and characteristics which were found in graduate business student’s ethics research. They also conducted a second research in Lebanon which indicated that Lebanese consumers who are residing in political turmoil and war are more Machiavellian and less humanistic (Cable and Dangello, 2000). Another research which was conducted by Christie and Geis demonstrated the relation between Machiavellianism and ethical behavior which suggested that individuals who are skeptical and doubting towards others are prone to behave unprofessionally. Machiavellianism is often associated with unconstructive and unhelpful behavior (Christie & Geis, 2002). According to Christie and Geis, Machiavellianism is considered to an unconstructive appellation which promotes an unprincipled and unethical method of influencing and controlling others in order to achieve one’s goals. Gable and Topol demonstrated in their studies that Machiavellian individuals exhibit calm and unruffled lack of involvement and indifference which makes them less emotionally concerned and occupied with others. Machiavellianism and ethical behavior were investigated in ethic studies which were conducted by Nelson and Gilbertson. It was found out that Machiavellianism and ethical behavior of an individual is the key towards ethical decision making(Gable & Topol, 2004). Similar studies conducted by Christie and Geis examined that ethical behavior and Machiavellianism are important and significant factors for determining ethical conduct (Christie & Geis, 2002). Machiavellianism and ethical behavior studies by Nelson and Gilbertson suggested that Machiavellian individuals take no notice of ethics and enhance their own individual self. In simple words, the pressure to win and achieve specific targeted goals can cause unethical behavior to manifest itself (Nelson & Gilbertson, 2002) Relationship between Ethical Behavior and Machiavellianism Machiavellianism is a factor which plays an essential and significant role in influencing ethical behavior and decision making because it is associated with proclivity to influence others for the sake of personal benefits and achievements. For example, most researchers associate entrepreneurship with Machiavellian propensities which can lead to straightforward manipulation of others and ethical compromise (Cable and Dangello, 2000). In other words, entrepreneurs can follow Machiavellianism properties by acting master manipulators who can take immediate advantage of others. Studies indicate that individuals who follow the principles of Machiavellianism are often to be deceptive and indifferent towards ethical needs. Machiavellianism is believed to be a widespread and frequent behavior and it is found in ethical decision making scenarios. It is often associated with sex, age, ethnic origin and birth order. Conclusion Ethical behavior is defined as the action taken in accordance to what is morally accepted. On the other hand, Machiavellianism is defined as the action which an individual takes in order to gain his or her own benefit with the help of manipulative behavior. Studies have shown that Machiavellian principles promote negative behavior in individuals. It plays a vital role in influencing perceptions because it has a relationship with the tendency to influence others. Machiavellian individuals are known to show calm and indifferent attitudes and are not affected by emotions.It can be concluded that Machiavellianism is a negative concept which does not go with ethical conduct. References Cable, M. & Dangello, F. (2000). Job Involvement, Machiavellianism and Job Performance, Journal of Business and Psychology (9:2). Christie, R. & Geis,F. L. (2002). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press. Gable, M. & Topol, M. (2004). Machiavellianism and Job Satisfaction of Retailing Executive in a Specialty Store Chain, Psychological Reports Nelson, G. & Gilbertson, D. (2002). Machiavellianism Revisited, Journal of Business Ethics.

General Psychology and the Study of Human Behavior Essay

Psychology is the study of the human behavior especially how the mind of the human beings works. For many years, the behavior of human beings has been studied by very many scholars and they have come up with very many reasons as to why people behave in such a manner. However, as a student my main ambition is to become a drug and alcohol counselor. Therefore, this class of general psychology has helped me in building my career very much due to the course content value. Variation is one of the most obvious characteristics of human behavior. An individual’s every day life is marked by an expansive fluctuation in almost every aspect of behavior such as the intelligence he exudes, the speed with which he moves, his expression of emotions, goals he pursues, humor, energy, anxiety, shyness, among others. Even the most intelligent of human individuals have ordinary thoughts most of the time as they too are confronted with the normal activities like choosing the right mode of dressing, brushing in the morning and carrying out normal transactions. There is sufficient evidence towards the fact that one of the most striking features of a child’s behavior is its dynamic aspect of the stream of behavior recorded continuously (Barker, 1968). Any individual with no knowledge of psychology comprehend this dimension of human variation from their observation and experience. However, this is not prominent in scientific psychology. The concern of scientific psychology is another dimension of behavior variability with emphasis on individual differences. This is a major step in psychology that despite the variations that occur within every individual’s behavior, the methods for measuring and identifying individual behavior constants have been devised. Scientific psychology’s concern is with the varied number of constants measured and how they relate with each other. There is however a difficulty in achieving a stable behavior measurement. For the stability of behavior measurement to be achieved, their must be an imposition of stable measurement upon the individual, land the same conditions must be reintroduced every time the measurement is being repeated. The employment of this method offers measures of individual constancies under certain conditions but terminates individual variations under varied conditions thereby destroying the such contexts of behavior that occur naturally. This problem is not however unique to psychology. A beam’s strength can be measured under given specific conditions and under this very condition each time the measurement is being carried out. However, depending on the structural context, a beam possesses many strengths. This is also true for the meaning of words since words too have a range of meaning, the actual one being determined by the context in which it has been used. With this regard, an individual is like a beam or a word, possessing many strengths, intelligences, moralities, speeds and social maturities. However, it is clear where this intra-individual behavior variation comes from. An individual’s behavior is both internally and externally connected, though in a very complicated way. The internal parts of an individual such as the neurons, hormones or muscles and the external context such as the class, field or the game he is playing has a complex connection. The psychological individual who reads a book, plays some game and walks on some road poses as an identifiable entity between the interior parts and the exterior contexts that are unstable, being linked to both the entities, yet profoundly separated from them. This separation emerges from the fact that the internal parts and the external contexts of an individual involves an entity that functions according to laws that are not the same as those that govern his behavior (Cromwell-Davis, 2008). Such things like the actions of the brain, contraction of muscles and the concentration of hormones are not psychological phenomena. With the current state of understanding, the operation of such phenomena involve laws that are not compatible with that of psychology. The same applies to the environment with which an individual operates. The school or class where an individual is a student, the library he studies and the road he walks operates according to laws that are foreign with regard to that govern his behavior as an individual. The external context involves what has been referred to as the molar ecological environment which includes those phenomena that occurs naturally outside an individuals skin with which his molar actions are incorporated but operate according to laws that are incompatible with those laws that dictates his molar behavior (Baker, 1965). There is a difference between the psychological and ecological environment. One of the interesting aspects of human behavior is the course it takes when different variables are introduced within the environment. In the study below, behavior of individual was observed with regard to the distance between them and other human subjects. Theory Statement An individual’s mode of behavior is dictated by the distance between him and other subjects. According to Adam Kendon, every human behavior is located (Kendon 1990, p. 210). Human behavior takes place within a given space which has objects and people upon which the behavior is directed. The space and what it contains on the other hand influences the behavior of an individual. The space occupied and maintained by an individual’s behavior can in this respect be termed as the transactional space. The transactional space between two individuals influences their behavior. Experiment In the following experiment, a study was conducted to investigate the extent to which transactional space influences the behavior of individuals in college. The investigator walked through the college in different areas where different activities were being carried out. The exercise took three hours and findings were recorded. The experiment was conducted in the campus park because of the diversity of activity and human interactions that takes place in it. Methodology Since the study involved the study of behavior in face to face interaction, a major problem encountered was how to define the structural units in which the subjects were organized. In particular, it became difficult to delineate the distinct units of interaction with regard to the organization of observable behavior into their components for analysis. However, the observations were made randomly with neither of the subjects aware of the experiments. As such, the experimenter walked from one point to another, looking at the group formation and identifying individuals who did not have any company. The behavior which was recorded included eye focus, body movement and the degree of engagement in a particular action. In particular, the reaction of the subjects were observed whenever the experimenter approached an individual or a group of individuals. In all the instances, the experimenter did not engage the subjects in any form of conversation. Observations and results Behavior of individuals was varied depending on the activity and whether one was alone or in groups. Among the individuals who were alone, there seemed to be an absorption with either something that was going on around them or an absorption with an activity that they were involved with. They also seemed to react whenever an individual came within three meters of their transactional space. Of the notable behaviors, five out of six subjects looked directly at the individual who came within three meters of their transactional space. Among groups of individuals, there was a variation in behavior with regard to the number. In a group of two, the subjects engaged in conversation with momentous eye contact. Whenever one passed within a distance of three meters, they all turned and depending on the behavior or gender of the individual, some responded with either greeting the individual or looked briefly and continued with their conversation. The latter instance was rare with groups of three or more. Discussion A behavior setting is composed of one or more standing patterns of behavior. There are numerous patterns of behavior that have been recognized such as a molar unit or group activity. This is a bounded pattern in holistic human behavior. It is thus a discrete behavioral unit with coordinates which are univocal within space and time. As such, a standing pattern of behavior cannot be said to be a character of the subjects involved but rather, it is a phenomenon outside the individual with unique characteristics which remain whenever there is an alteration of the participants. One apparent thing among the subjects observed is that their behavior with regard to reacting to an individual coming within their transactional space is dependent among various factors which may not be open to the experimenter as human behavior is derived from both external and internal conditions. As such, every observable behavior exhibited by an individual has various roots even though behavior can be predicted to some extent. The first thing that the course has helped to understand in relation to drug and alcohol is the different terms that are used when counseling a person. This are the general terms that are used when counseling a patient. For example, it is not good to use terms like â€Å"you are wrong,† â€Å"you do not know† or â€Å"you are foolish.† The course has helped to learn the new terms that I will be using like, â€Å"instead of saying you are wrong,† you can say, â€Å"that is another good reason.† Additionally, it has helped us to learn the tone of language that is to be used. When counseling a patient, one should always be calm and always be positive about what the patient is feeling and thinking. It is also in this unit of general psychology that we have learnt how very different people behave in the different ways. This is where the course has taught me why different people behave as they do and why they end up drinking. Stress is one factor that makes people to end up becoming alcoholic or turning into drugs. Additionally, drug abuse and alcoholism has also been known to be hereditary from the resent research studies that have been done by the different scholars. It is through this course that we have learnt the very many reasons as to why people behave in different ways and why they take drugs or alcohol. I have learnt the different forms of therapy that are used in counseling in this course. This is where the introduction to therapy is done. One way of helping a drug or an alcohol addict to stop the addiction is through therapy. Therapy is the solving of personal problems of a person that occurs daily. In therapy, talking with a trained professional is the method that is usually used to solve the different problems. Therefore, this unit of general psychology is helping me gain that knowledge and become a professional therapist in treating the different problems that different drug and alcohol addicts have. It is also in this lesson of general psychology that I have learned the intelligence of the human thinking. In the growth graph, since the time somebody is born, the brain usually undergoes several stages intelligence. For example, when somebody is at the age of the teenage the brain starts to develop the ability to solve problems in reality. This means that the thinking capacity has grown and the person is able to think critically as compared to the person was young. Therefore, this lesson has helped me understand the different stages of intelligence in the human beings, making it easy for me when it comes to counseling the different people. Motivation is another very important factor in counseling especially in the counseling of drug abusers and alcoholics. It is in this class where the subject of motivation is introduced and taught in detail to prepare the students as they go ahead with the studies of psychology. I have learnt the different methods that are used in motivating the different drug and alcohol addicts. This is very important because when counseling people who are drug or alcohol addicts, the people need to be motivated so that they can be able to quit easily without the need of turning back. Therefore, this lesson of general psychology has taught me a greater lesson in motivation and how it should be applied in the field of practice. This class of general psychology has taught me a great number of different personalities that different people tend have. It is important to note that there is no way that two people can have the same personality. According to this chapter, it is because of how the different kinds of people have very different thoughts from one another. For this reason, the study of this lesson has been a very influential topic in my career as a counselor of drug addicts and alcoholics In addition, this class has opened up my mind on the different perceptions that I always had about drunkards. When I had started this class, I had the wrong impression/perception of how the drug addicts and alcoholics behave. I thought that this people, are people who are just lazy in life and they only abuse drugs as an excuse to their many problems. However, this class of general psychology has changed my perception about the different drug addicts and alcoholics and it has given me an open mind, which is required by counselors when it comes to helping others during therapy. Lastly, this lesson has been able to introduce some of the topics that are very useful in the study of counseling, and they are going to be learnt deeply in other classes especially at the level of specialization. Additionally, it is this unit, which has helped me realize that people are not always drug addicts or alcoholics because they want to be, but it is because of the different behaviors that they exhibit, which are affected by external factors like stress. These external factors can drive somebody crazy leading to drug abuse or alcohol abuse. Therefore, this subject has introduced me into the topic of human behavior in relation to drug abuse, alcoholism and how the following problems can be solved by the use of counseling.